Chapter 84 vs 85: Machinery vs Electrical

The choice between HS chapter 84 (nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, mechanical appliances) and chapter 85 (electrical machinery and equipment) is one of the most common classification questions in international trade. The chapters together cover a substantial slice of industrial and consumer goods, and many products combine mechanical and electrical functions.

This guide explains the principal function rule, the chapter notes, and how to apply them in practice, with examples from CBP CROSS rulings.

The basic distinction

• Chapter 84: machinery and mechanical appliances. Engines, pumps, compressors, machine tools, agricultural machinery, food processing machinery, packaging machines, ATMs, computers.
• Chapter 85: electrical machinery and equipment. Electric motors, generators, transformers, batteries, electrical apparatus for switching/protecting circuits, telephones and other communication devices, audio/video equipment, semiconductors.

The split is functional. Chapter 84 is about mechanical work (rotation, compression, cutting, mixing). Chapter 85 is about electrical work (generation, distribution, signaling, communication).

Note 3 to Section XVI: the principal function rule

Both chapters are in Section XVI. Note 3 reads:

"Unless the context otherwise requires, composite machines consisting of two or more machines fitted together to form a whole and other machines designed for the purpose of performing two or more complementary or alternative functions are to be classified as if consisting only of that component or as being that machine which performs the principal function."

In practice: identify the principal function, then classify under the heading for that function.

A coffee grinder with a built-in scale: the principal function is grinding (mechanical, chapter 84, heading 8509 for domestic appliances or 8438 for commercial). The scale is subsidiary.

A washing machine with a built-in dryer: the principal function is washing (chapter 84, heading 8450). The dryer is subsidiary unless it dominates.

When no single function dominates: GRI 3

If two or more functions are equally important (a true multi-function device with no principal use), GRI 3(b) sends the classification to the component that gives the product its essential character. If that cannot be determined, GRI 3(c) sends it to the heading that occurs last in numerical order.

For combination devices that prima facie qualify under 84 and 85, GRI 3(c) effectively sends them to chapter 85 (the later chapter).

Specific examples from CROSS rulings

CNC machining centers

Principal function: mechanical removal of material. The electrical controls are essential but do not constitute the principal function. Classification: heading 8457 (machining centers) or 8458 (lathes) in chapter 84.

Industrial robots

Principal function: physical manipulation (welding, painting, assembly). Classification: heading 8479 (mechanical appliances having individual functions) or specific industrial robot subheading 8479.50.

If the robot's principal function is welding, classification can shift to 8515 (electric welding apparatus, chapter 85).

Electric motors (separately presented)

Heading 8501 explicitly covers electric motors of various powers. Classification: chapter 85, heading 8501.

Pumps with built-in motors

Heading 8413 covers pumps, including those with integral motors. The motor is subsidiary to the pumping function. Classification: chapter 84, heading 8413.

Refrigerators with compressors and electronic controls

Refrigerators are heading 8418, chapter 84. The principal function is refrigeration (mechanical). Electronic controls and the compressor motor are subsidiary.

Microwave ovens

Heading 8516 (chapter 85): electric appliances for cooking. Microwave ovens are explicitly in chapter 85 because the principal function is electrical (microwave generation), not mechanical.

Diesel-electric locomotives

Heading 8602 (chapter 86, rail vehicles) covers these. Within chapter 86 the diesel-electric is a specific subheading. Note: locomotives are in chapter 86, not 84 or 85.

LED light bulbs

Heading 8539 (electric lamps), chapter 85. The lighting is electrical in function.

LED light sources (bare LED chips)

Heading 8541 (semiconductor devices), chapter 85. The bare LED is a semiconductor; the lamp form factor changes the classification to 8539.

Power tools (drills, saws)

Heading 8467: tools for working in the hand with self-contained electric motor. Chapter 84.

Even though the tool is electrically driven, heading 8467 of chapter 84 covers handheld power tools specifically. This is an explicit chapter 84 carve-out for electrically-powered handheld tools.

Hair dryers and hair curlers

Heading 8516 (chapter 85): electric heating apparatus. Even though they involve mechanical air movement, the electric heating function is principal.

Vacuum cleaners

Heading 8508 (chapter 85): vacuum cleaners with self-contained electric motor. Specifically in chapter 85.

Computers

Heading 8471 (chapter 84): automatic data processing machines. Chapter 84 despite being electronic.

This is one of the most counter-intuitive splits. Computers are in chapter 84 because the WCO chose to put them there at the original HS adoption. The principal function reasoning is that computers process information (a function akin to mechanical processing), but this is more historical artifact than current logic.

Servers and network appliances

Heading 8471 (computers) or heading 8517 (apparatus for transmission or reception of voice, images, or other data). The split depends on whether the device is a general-purpose ADP machine (8471) or a special-purpose network communication device (8517).

A typical commercial server: 8471. A router: 8517.

Mobile phones

Heading 8517 (chapter 85): telephones.

Smartphones

Heading 8517 (chapter 85): same heading as ordinary mobile phones.

Wearables with cellular: 8517.62.

Cameras

Heading 8525 (chapter 85): transmission apparatus for radio-broadcasting or television, including digital cameras.

Heading 9006 (chapter 90): cameras using photographic film. The digital/film split sends digital to 85, film to 90.

Drones

Heading 8806 (chapter 88): aircraft. Yes, civil drones are classified as aircraft. Specific subheadings 8806.21 to 8806.99 added in 2022 HS revision.

Toy drones (under 0.25 kg, for play): chapter 95.

When the goods are in chapters other than 84 and 85

Don't force the choice into 84/85 if another chapter is more specific:

• Audio/visual equipment: chapter 85 (8527, 8528).
• Photo cameras: chapter 90 (9006) for film, chapter 85 (8525) for digital.
• Watches and clocks: chapter 91.
• Musical instruments: chapter 92 (acoustic) or chapter 92 covers electric instruments separately.
• Toys: chapter 95 (specific use as toy).
• Furniture with appliances: chapter 94 (the principal function is furniture function).

How Section 232/301/122 differ by chapter

For US imports, the chapter choice affects:

• Section 301 list assignment: many chapter 84 and 85 codes are on List 1 or List 3 (25 percent surcharge) for China origin. Specific lines differ.
• Section 122 exemption: semiconductor and certain ICT lines under 8541, 8542, 8486 are exempt. Other 84/85 lines are not.
• Section 232 derivative scope: certain 84/85 lines containing significant steel content are on the expanded Section 232 derivative list.
• WTO ITA: many chapter 84 and 85 lines are at 0 percent MFN under the Information Technology Agreement.

How the calculator handles 84/85 classification

The LandedFees HS lookup tool for chapter 84/85 borderline products:

• Asks about the principal function in plain English.
• Surfaces relevant CROSS rulings on similar combination devices.
• Compares the resulting duty rates under each candidate.
• Notes Section 301 list, Section 122 exemption status, Section 232 derivative scope for each candidate.

Section 122 status as of June 20 2026

The May 7 2026 Court of International Trade ruling in Oregon v. United States (consolidated with Burlap and Barrel v. United States) struck down the Section 122 proclamation. The Federal Circuit issued an administrative stay on May 12 2026, so CBP is still collecting the duty pending appeal. Importers paying now should preserve protest rights and refund claims in case the government loses on the merits. The underlying Section 122 authority sunsets July 24 2026 under the statutory 150-day ceiling, regardless of the appeal outcome, unless Congress extends or a fresh proclamation restarts the clock.

Related guides

• HS Code Lookup: How to Find Yours
• 10 Most Misclassified HS Codes (and how to fix them)
• Chapter 61 vs 62: Knit vs Woven Apparel
• Calculate Import Duty: China to USA
• Calculate Import Duty: Taiwan to USA
• Steel HS Codes Under Section 232

Try the LandedFees HS lookup tool for classification help.